RSCH 202 Module 5 Discussion Questions and Objectives (EMBRY)
Chapter 12 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Describe the four types of scales.
2. How is the interval scale more sophisticated than the nominal and ordinal scales?
3. Why is the ratio scale considered to be the most powerful of the four scales?
4. Briefly describe the difference between attitude rating scales and ranking scales and indicate when the two are used.
5. Why is it important to establish the “goodness” of measures and how is this done?
6. Describe the difference between formative and reflective scales.
7. Explain why it does not make sense to assess the internal consistency of a formative scale.
10. Whenever possible, it is advisable to use instruments that have already been developed and repeatedly used in published studies, rather than developing our own instruments for our studies. Do you agree? Discuss the reasons for your answer.
11. “A valid instrument is always reliable, but a reliable instrument may not always be valid.” Comment on this statement.
Chapter 13 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. Identify the relevant population for the following research foci, and suggest the appropriate sampling design to investigate the issues, explaining why they are appropriate. Wherever necessary, identify the sampling frame as well.
4. The use of a convenience sample used in organizational research is correct because all members share the same organizational stimuli and go through almost the same kinds of experience in their organizational life. Comment.
5. “Use of a sample of 5000 is not necessarily better than one of 500.” How would you react to this statement?
6. Nonprobability sampling designs ought to be preferred to probability sampling designs in some cases. Explain with an example.
7. Because there seems to be a trade-off between accuracy and confidence for any given sample size, accuracy should always be considered more important than precision. Explain with reasons why you do or do not agree.
8. Overgeneralizations give rise to much confusion and other problems for researchers who try to replicate the findings. Explain what is meant by this.
9. Double sampling is probably the least used of all sampling designs in organizational research. Do you agree? Provide reasons for your answer.
10. Why do you think the sampling design should feature in a research proposal?
Module 5 Quiz:
1. Army rank (such as soldier, corporal, sergeant, lieutenant etcetera) is a variable with an ordinal (nominal) scale
2. Temperature is a variable with an interval scale.
3. Stability and consistency are both indicators of the reliability of a measure.
4. Stratified sampling and cluster sampling are examples of probability sampling.
5. Probability sampling is seen as less representative for the population than non-probability sampling.
6. If a sample is subdivided into subsamples, a minimal sample size of 10 (30) is necessary for every subsample.
7. Cluster sampling is the least representative probability sampling design.
8. Convenience sampling and quota sampling are examples of (non) probability sampling
9. Construct (Content) validity ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representative set of items.
10. From statistical considerations the preference is given to probability sampling over non-probability sampling.
11. Which of the alternatives below is not an example of a ranking scale?
12. How can content validity of a scale be determined?
13. “The measurement level on which a variable is measured is of great influence on the possibilities that a researcher has to further describe these variables and thereby also determines the value of the data.”
14. Which of the following sampling designs is a form of non-probability sampling?
15. **A researcher wants to investigate the relationships between the use of drugs and study results of university students. He would like to generalize the results to the population. Which kind of sample could the researcher best use?
TRUE/FALSE
1. Sampling is often used when it is not possible to collect information from all persons you want to study and when it is not necessary to collect information from all persons.
2. The goal of sampling is to reduce potential biases.
3. Nonprobability sampling cannot be used in criminal justice research.
4. When using probability sampling, researchers generalize from observed cases to unobserved ones.
5. A good way to avoid sampling bias in the assessment of public opinion about a specific criminal justice topic is to employ the use of a radio call-in show since those who call radio talk shows represent everyone in the population.
6. A list of all elements in a population is referred to as the sampling frame.
7. Random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a sample to the body of probability theory in order to estimate the accuracy of those findings.
8. Stratified sampling results in a greater degree of representativeness but at the same time increases the probable sampling error.
9. Cluster sampling is a very efficient tool, but the efficiency means a less accurate sample since with each cluster there is a chance for sampling error.
10. When no reasonable sampling frame exists and a probability sample cannot be drawn, at least estimates about the sample accuracy are available through nonprobability samples.
11. In probability sampling all elements of a population have a known and nonzero chance of being included in the sample.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Sampling is the process of:
2. Sampling is used for two reasons, sometimes it is not necessary to collect data from all persons and it:
3. When a research chooses a sample that is not typical of a large population this is known as:
4. A basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will be representative of the population from which it is drawn if:
5. With systematic sampling one divides the population into subgroups and chooses the test subject randomly from a number of randomly chosen subgroups.
6. The difference between an ordinal and ratio scale is that the ordinal scale has an absolute zero point.
7. Stability and consistency are both indicators of the reliability of a measure.
8. Non-probability sampling leads to findings that are highly generalizable.
9. From statistical considerations the preference is given to probability sampling over non-probability sampling.
10. Cronbach’s alpha can only be used when a variable is measured through several statements or questions.
*11. The bigger the sample size, the better.
*12. A nominal scale is always dichotomous (218).
13. The following scale type is:
14. Which of the following alternatives is not an example of a ranking scale?
15. “Indicate the order in which you prefer the following cola-labels. Give your favorite label a 1, the label that you prefer next a 2, and so on: Coca Cola, Pepsi, Dr Pepper”
**16. When Representatively is an important criterion for a study, which sampling technique would you choose?
17. If all elements in the population are seen as equal and every element has an equal chance of being chosen, we speak of:
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